diff --git a/components/fatfs/CMakeLists.txt b/components/fatfs/CMakeLists.txt
index a66cc419347..3bfcfbc771f 100644
--- a/components/fatfs/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/components/fatfs/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ set(requires "wear_levelling" "esp_blockdev")
 if(${target} STREQUAL "linux")
     list(APPEND srcs "port/linux/ffsystem.c"
                   "vfs/vfs_fat.c"
+                  "vfs/vfs_fat_spiflash.c"
                   "vfs/vfs_fat_bdl.c")
     list(APPEND include_dirs "vfs")
     list(APPEND priv_requires "vfs" "linux")
diff --git a/components/fatfs/test_apps/.build-test-rules.yml b/components/fatfs/test_apps/.build-test-rules.yml
index 634d58f6777..00b29e79557 100644
--- a/components/fatfs/test_apps/.build-test-rules.yml
+++ b/components/fatfs/test_apps/.build-test-rules.yml
@@ -38,6 +38,16 @@ components/fatfs/test_apps/flash_wl:
     - vfs
     - wear_leveling
 
+components/fatfs/test_apps/flash_wl_readonly:
+  disable_test:
+    - if: IDF_TARGET not in ["esp32", "esp32c3"]
+      reason: only one target per arch needed
+  depends_components:
+    - esp_partition
+    - fatfs
+    - vfs
+    - wear_leveling
+
 components/fatfs/test_apps/sdcard:
   disable:
     - if: SOC_GPSPI_SUPPORTED != 1
diff --git a/components/fatfs/test_apps/flash_wl_readonly/CMakeLists.txt b/components/fatfs/test_apps/flash_wl_readonly/CMakeLists.txt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..5c2d50ccef1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/components/fatfs/test_apps/flash_wl_readonly/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.22)
+
+set(COMPONENTS main)
+set(EXTRA_COMPONENT_DIRS "${CMAKE_CURRENT_LIST_DIR}/../test_fatfs_common")
+
+include($ENV{IDF_PATH}/tools/cmake/project.cmake)
+
+project(test_fatfs_flash_wl_readonly)
diff --git a/components/fatfs/test_apps/flash_wl_readonly/main/CMakeLists.txt b/components/fatfs/test_apps/flash_wl_readonly/main/CMakeLists.txt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..a2e2cb8e16d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/components/fatfs/test_apps/flash_wl_readonly/main/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+idf_component_register(SRCS "test_fatfs_flash_wl_readonly.c"
+                       INCLUDE_DIRS "."
+                       PRIV_REQUIRES unity spi_flash fatfs vfs
+                       WHOLE_ARCHIVE)
diff --git a/components/fatfs/test_apps/flash_wl_readonly/main/test_fatfs_flash_wl_readonly.c b/components/fatfs/test_apps/flash_wl_readonly/main/test_fatfs_flash_wl_readonly.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..7462f824f17
--- /dev/null
+++ b/components/fatfs/test_apps/flash_wl_readonly/main/test_fatfs_flash_wl_readonly.c
@@ -0,0 +1,149 @@
+/*
+ * SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Espressif Systems (Shanghai) CO LTD
+ *
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+ */
+
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <sys/unistd.h>
+#include "unity.h"
+#include "esp_vfs.h"
+#include "esp_vfs_fat.h"
+#include "wear_levelling.h"
+
+static const char *BASE_PATH = "/spiflash";
+static wl_handle_t s_wl_handle = WL_INVALID_HANDLE;
+
+static void prepare_filesystem(void)
+{
+    esp_vfs_fat_mount_config_t cfg = {
+        .format_if_mount_failed = true,
+        .max_files = 5,
+    };
+    TEST_ESP_OK(esp_vfs_fat_spiflash_mount_rw_wl(BASE_PATH, NULL, &cfg, &s_wl_handle));
+
+    FILE *f = fopen("/spiflash/hello.txt", "w");
+    TEST_ASSERT_NOT_NULL(f);
+    fprintf(f, "hello");
+    fclose(f);
+
+    TEST_ASSERT_EQUAL(0, mkdir("/spiflash/testdir", 0755));
+
+    TEST_ESP_OK(esp_vfs_fat_spiflash_unmount_rw_wl(BASE_PATH, s_wl_handle));
+    s_wl_handle = WL_INVALID_HANDLE;
+}
+
+static void mount_readonly(void)
+{
+    esp_vfs_fat_mount_config_t cfg = {
+        .format_if_mount_failed = false,
+        .max_files = 5,
+        .read_only = true,
+    };
+    TEST_ESP_OK(esp_vfs_fat_spiflash_mount_rw_wl(BASE_PATH, NULL, &cfg, &s_wl_handle));
+}
+
+static void unmount(void)
+{
+    TEST_ESP_OK(esp_vfs_fat_spiflash_unmount_rw_wl(BASE_PATH, s_wl_handle));
+    s_wl_handle = WL_INVALID_HANDLE;
+}
+
+void app_main(void)
+{
+    prepare_filesystem();
+    unity_run_menu();
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("read_only mount: can read existing file", "[fatfs][readonly]")
+{
+    mount_readonly();
+
+    FILE *f = fopen("/spiflash/hello.txt", "r");
+    TEST_ASSERT_NOT_NULL(f);
+    char buf[16] = {};
+    TEST_ASSERT_EQUAL(5, fread(buf, 1, sizeof(buf), f));
+    TEST_ASSERT_EQUAL_STRING("hello", buf);
+    fclose(f);
+
+    unmount();
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("read_only mount: open for write fails with EROFS", "[fatfs][readonly]")
+{
+    mount_readonly();
+
+    int fd = open("/spiflash/new.txt", O_CREAT | O_RDWR, 0666);
+    TEST_ASSERT_EQUAL(-1, fd);
+    TEST_ASSERT_EQUAL(EROFS, errno);
+
+    fd = open("/spiflash/hello.txt", O_WRONLY);
+    TEST_ASSERT_EQUAL(-1, fd);
+    TEST_ASSERT_EQUAL(EROFS, errno);
+
+    unmount();
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("read_only mount: mkdir fails with EROFS", "[fatfs][readonly]")
+{
+    mount_readonly();
+
+    TEST_ASSERT_EQUAL(-1, mkdir("/spiflash/newdir", 0755));
+    TEST_ASSERT_EQUAL(EROFS, errno);
+
+    unmount();
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("read_only mount: unlink fails with EROFS", "[fatfs][readonly]")
+{
+    mount_readonly();
+
+    TEST_ASSERT_EQUAL(-1, unlink("/spiflash/hello.txt"));
+    TEST_ASSERT_EQUAL(EROFS, errno);
+
+    unmount();
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("read_only mount: rename fails with EROFS", "[fatfs][readonly]")
+{
+    mount_readonly();
+
+    TEST_ASSERT_EQUAL(-1, rename("/spiflash/hello.txt", "/spiflash/bye.txt"));
+    TEST_ASSERT_EQUAL(EROFS, errno);
+
+    unmount();
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("read_only mount: stat and opendir still work", "[fatfs][readonly]")
+{
+    mount_readonly();
+
+    struct stat st;
+    TEST_ASSERT_EQUAL(0, stat("/spiflash/hello.txt", &st));
+    TEST_ASSERT(st.st_mode & S_IFREG);
+
+    TEST_ASSERT_EQUAL(0, stat("/spiflash/testdir", &st));
+    TEST_ASSERT(st.st_mode & S_IFDIR);
+
+    DIR *dir = opendir("/spiflash");
+    TEST_ASSERT_NOT_NULL(dir);
+    TEST_ASSERT_EQUAL(0, closedir(dir));
+
+    unmount();
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("read_only mount: format_if_mount_failed and read_only are mutually exclusive", "[fatfs][readonly]")
+{
+    esp_vfs_fat_mount_config_t cfg = {
+        .format_if_mount_failed = true,
+        .max_files = 5,
+        .read_only = true,
+    };
+    wl_handle_t wl_handle = WL_INVALID_HANDLE;
+    TEST_ASSERT_EQUAL(ESP_ERR_INVALID_ARG,
+                      esp_vfs_fat_spiflash_mount_rw_wl(BASE_PATH, NULL, &cfg, &wl_handle));
+}
diff --git a/components/fatfs/test_apps/flash_wl_readonly/partitions.csv b/components/fatfs/test_apps/flash_wl_readonly/partitions.csv
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..a929971141e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/components/fatfs/test_apps/flash_wl_readonly/partitions.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+# Name,   Type, SubType, Offset,  Size, Flags
+factory,  app,  factory, 0x10000, 1M,
+storage,  data, fat,     ,        528k,
diff --git a/components/fatfs/test_apps/flash_wl_readonly/pytest_fatfs_flash_wl_readonly.py b/components/fatfs/test_apps/flash_wl_readonly/pytest_fatfs_flash_wl_readonly.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..8ca2a44bae3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/components/fatfs/test_apps/flash_wl_readonly/pytest_fatfs_flash_wl_readonly.py
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Espressif Systems (Shanghai) CO LTD
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: CC0-1.0
+import pytest
+from pytest_embedded import Dut
+from pytest_embedded_idf.utils import idf_parametrize
+
+
+@pytest.mark.generic
+@idf_parametrize('target', ['esp32', 'esp32c3'], indirect=['target'])
+def test_fatfs_flash_wl_readonly(dut: Dut) -> None:
+    dut.run_all_single_board_cases()
diff --git a/components/fatfs/test_apps/flash_wl_readonly/sdkconfig.defaults b/components/fatfs/test_apps/flash_wl_readonly/sdkconfig.defaults
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..c679bc7b4d3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/components/fatfs/test_apps/flash_wl_readonly/sdkconfig.defaults
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+# General options for additional checks
+CONFIG_HEAP_POISONING_COMPREHENSIVE=y
+CONFIG_COMPILER_WARN_WRITE_STRINGS=y
+CONFIG_BOOTLOADER_LOG_LEVEL_WARN=y
+CONFIG_FREERTOS_WATCHPOINT_END_OF_STACK=y
+CONFIG_COMPILER_STACK_CHECK_MODE_STRONG=y
+CONFIG_COMPILER_STACK_CHECK=y
+
+# disable task watchdog since this app uses an interactive menu
+CONFIG_ESP_TASK_WDT_INIT=n
+
+# use custom partition table
+CONFIG_PARTITION_TABLE_CUSTOM=y
+CONFIG_PARTITION_TABLE_CUSTOM_FILENAME="partitions.csv"
diff --git a/components/fatfs/vfs/esp_vfs_fat.h b/components/fatfs/vfs/esp_vfs_fat.h
index c65196016d3..f1694cee007 100644
--- a/components/fatfs/vfs/esp_vfs_fat.h
+++ b/components/fatfs/vfs/esp_vfs_fat.h
@@ -136,6 +136,14 @@ typedef struct {
      * may be different.
      */
     bool use_one_fat;
+    /**
+     * Mount the filesystem in read-only mode.
+     * When set to true, all write operations (open for write, mkdir, unlink,
+     * rename, etc.) will fail with errno set to EROFS.
+     * This flag is independent of the underlying storage — it can be used
+     * with wear-levelled, raw, BDL, or SD card partitions.
+     */
+    bool read_only;
 } esp_vfs_fat_mount_config_t;
 
 #define VFS_FAT_MOUNT_DEFAULT_CONFIG() \
@@ -145,6 +153,7 @@ typedef struct {
         .allocation_unit_size = 0, \
         .disk_status_check_enable = false, \
         .use_one_fat = false, \
+        .read_only = false, \
     }
 
 // Compatibility definition
diff --git a/components/fatfs/vfs/vfs_fat_bdl.c b/components/fatfs/vfs/vfs_fat_bdl.c
index ec60d671dbc..ae7c63db572 100644
--- a/components/fatfs/vfs/vfs_fat_bdl.c
+++ b/components/fatfs/vfs/vfs_fat_bdl.c
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@
 #include <string.h>
 #include "esp_check.h"
 #include "esp_log.h"
+#include "esp_vfs.h"
 #include "esp_vfs_fat.h"
 #include "vfs_fat_internal.h"
 #include "diskio_impl.h"
@@ -17,8 +18,6 @@ static const char *TAG = "vfs_fat_bdl";
 
 static vfs_fat_bdl_ctx_t *s_bdl_ctx[FF_VOLUMES] = {};
 
-extern esp_err_t esp_vfs_set_readonly_flag(const char *base_path);
-
 static bool get_ctx_id_by_bdl(esp_blockdev_handle_t bdl, uint32_t *out_id)
 {
     for (int i = 0; i < FF_VOLUMES; i++) {
@@ -104,6 +103,8 @@ esp_err_t esp_vfs_fat_bdl_mount(const char *base_path,
     ESP_RETURN_ON_FALSE(base_path, ESP_ERR_INVALID_ARG, TAG, "base_path is NULL");
     ESP_RETURN_ON_FALSE(bdl_handle != ESP_BLOCKDEV_HANDLE_INVALID, ESP_ERR_INVALID_ARG, TAG, "invalid BDL handle");
     ESP_RETURN_ON_FALSE(mount_config, ESP_ERR_INVALID_ARG, TAG, "mount_config is NULL");
+    ESP_RETURN_ON_FALSE(!(mount_config->read_only && mount_config->format_if_mount_failed),
+                         ESP_ERR_INVALID_ARG, TAG, "read_only and format_if_mount_failed are mutually exclusive");
 
     BYTE pdrv = 0xFF;
     if (ff_diskio_get_drive(&pdrv) != ESP_OK) {
@@ -165,7 +166,7 @@ esp_err_t esp_vfs_fat_bdl_mount(const char *base_path,
     assert(ctx_id != FF_VOLUMES);
     s_bdl_ctx[ctx_id] = ctx;
 
-    if (bdl_handle->device_flags.read_only) {
+    if (bdl_handle->device_flags.read_only || mount_config->read_only) {
         esp_vfs_set_readonly_flag(base_path);
     }
 
diff --git a/components/fatfs/vfs/vfs_fat_sdmmc.c b/components/fatfs/vfs/vfs_fat_sdmmc.c
index 51b901a3390..ec1c4745cb8 100644
--- a/components/fatfs/vfs/vfs_fat_sdmmc.c
+++ b/components/fatfs/vfs/vfs_fat_sdmmc.c
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2015-2025 Espressif Systems (Shanghai) CO LTD
+ * SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2015-2026 Espressif Systems (Shanghai) CO LTD
  *
  * SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
  */
@@ -415,6 +415,8 @@ esp_err_t esp_vfs_fat_mount_initialized(sdmmc_card_t* card,
     if (card == NULL || base_path == NULL || mount_config == NULL) {
         return ESP_ERR_INVALID_ARG;
     }
+    ESP_RETURN_ON_FALSE(!(mount_config->read_only && mount_config->format_if_mount_failed),
+                         ESP_ERR_INVALID_ARG, TAG, "read_only and format_if_mount_failed are mutually exclusive");
 
     esp_err_t err;
 
@@ -436,6 +438,10 @@ esp_err_t esp_vfs_fat_mount_initialized(sdmmc_card_t* card,
     err = esp_vfs_fat_save_ctx(ldrv, mount_config, card, dup_path, fs, flags);
     CHECK_EXECUTE_RESULT(err, "esp_vfs_fat_save_ctx failed");
 
+    if (mount_config->read_only) {
+        esp_vfs_set_readonly_flag(base_path);
+    }
+
     return ESP_OK;
 cleanup:
     free(dup_path);
diff --git a/components/fatfs/vfs/vfs_fat_spiflash.c b/components/fatfs/vfs/vfs_fat_spiflash.c
index 8c8cf099af5..59b4c403f19 100644
--- a/components/fatfs/vfs/vfs_fat_spiflash.c
+++ b/components/fatfs/vfs/vfs_fat_spiflash.c
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@
 #include <string.h>
 #include "esp_check.h"
 #include "esp_log.h"
+#include "esp_vfs.h"
 #include "esp_vfs_fat.h"
 #include "vfs_fat_internal.h"
 #include "diskio_impl.h"
@@ -23,8 +24,6 @@ static const char* TAG = "vfs_fat_spiflash";
 
 static vfs_fat_spiflash_ctx_t *s_ctx[FF_VOLUMES] = {};
 
-extern esp_err_t esp_vfs_set_readonly_flag(const char* base_path); // from vfs/vfs.c to set readonly flag externally
-
 static bool s_get_context_id_by_label(const char *label, uint32_t *out_id)
 {
     vfs_fat_spiflash_ctx_t *p_ctx = NULL;
@@ -149,6 +148,9 @@ esp_err_t esp_vfs_fat_spiflash_mount_rw_wl(const char* base_path,
     const esp_vfs_fat_mount_config_t* mount_config,
     wl_handle_t* wl_handle)
 {
+    ESP_RETURN_ON_FALSE(!(mount_config->read_only && mount_config->format_if_mount_failed),
+                         ESP_ERR_INVALID_ARG, TAG, "read_only and format_if_mount_failed are mutually exclusive");
+
     esp_err_t ret = ESP_OK;
     vfs_fat_spiflash_ctx_t *ctx = NULL;
     uint32_t ctx_id = FF_VOLUMES;
@@ -208,7 +210,7 @@ esp_err_t esp_vfs_fat_spiflash_mount_rw_wl(const char* base_path,
     assert(ctx_id != FF_VOLUMES);
     s_ctx[ctx_id] = ctx;
 
-    if (data_partition->readonly) {
+    if (data_partition->readonly || mount_config->read_only) {
         esp_vfs_set_readonly_flag(base_path);
     }
 
@@ -350,6 +352,9 @@ esp_err_t esp_vfs_fat_spiflash_mount_ro(const char* base_path,
     const char* partition_label,
     const esp_vfs_fat_mount_config_t* mount_config)
 {
+    ESP_RETURN_ON_FALSE(!(mount_config->read_only && mount_config->format_if_mount_failed),
+                         ESP_ERR_INVALID_ARG, TAG, "read_only and format_if_mount_failed are mutually exclusive");
+
     esp_err_t ret = ESP_OK;
 
     const esp_partition_t *data_partition = esp_partition_find_first(ESP_PARTITION_TYPE_DATA,
@@ -388,7 +393,7 @@ esp_err_t esp_vfs_fat_spiflash_mount_ro(const char* base_path,
         goto fail;
     }
 
-    if (data_partition->readonly) {
+    if (data_partition->readonly || mount_config->read_only) {
         esp_vfs_set_readonly_flag(base_path);
     }
 
diff --git a/components/vfs/include/esp_vfs.h b/components/vfs/include/esp_vfs.h
index c9b3a87c11a..69ab3935d4d 100644
--- a/components/vfs/include/esp_vfs.h
+++ b/components/vfs/include/esp_vfs.h
@@ -512,6 +512,19 @@ void esp_vfs_dump_fds(FILE *fp);
  */
 void esp_vfs_dump_registered_paths(FILE *fp);
 
+/**
+ * @brief Set the read-only flag for a registered VFS entry
+ *
+ * After this call, all write operations (open for write, mkdir, unlink,
+ * rename, etc.) on the given path will fail with errno set to EROFS.
+ *
+ * @param base_path  Path prefix of the already-registered VFS entry
+ * @return
+ *      - ESP_OK on success
+ *      - ESP_ERR_INVALID_STATE if no VFS entry matches base_path
+ */
+esp_err_t esp_vfs_set_readonly_flag(const char *base_path);
+
 #if !defined(__DOXYGEN__)
   #pragma pop_macro("deprecated")
 #endif
diff --git a/docs/en/api-reference/storage/fatfs.rst b/docs/en/api-reference/storage/fatfs.rst
index a6fa1f27394..ca0b4114315 100644
--- a/docs/en/api-reference/storage/fatfs.rst
+++ b/docs/en/api-reference/storage/fatfs.rst
@@ -34,6 +34,46 @@ The general mounting workflow is:
 #. Use standard file APIs (``stdio.h`` or POSIX) on paths under the mount path.
 #. Close open files and call the matching unmount helper.
 
+.. _fatfs-read-only-mount:
+
+Read-Only Mount
+---------------
+
+Any FAT filesystem can be mounted in read-only mode by setting ``esp_vfs_fat_mount_config_t.read_only`` to ``true``. When this flag is set, the VFS layer rejects all write operations (``open`` for write, ``mkdir``, ``unlink``, ``rename``, ``truncate``, etc.) with ``errno`` set to ``EROFS``, regardless of the underlying storage type.
+
+This is useful for protecting filesystem integrity when write access is not needed — for example, when reading configuration or asset data from a wear-levelled SPI flash partition:
+
+.. code-block:: c
+
+    esp_vfs_fat_mount_config_t mount_config = {
+        .format_if_mount_failed = false,
+        .max_files = 5,
+        .read_only = true,
+    };
+    wl_handle_t wl_handle;
+    esp_err_t err = esp_vfs_fat_spiflash_mount_rw_wl("/data", "storage",
+                                                     &mount_config, &wl_handle);
+
+    // Reading works normally
+    FILE *f = fopen("/data/config.json", "r");  // OK
+
+    // All write operations are rejected at the VFS level
+    FILE *w = fopen("/data/new.txt", "w");      // Returns NULL, errno == EROFS
+    mkdir("/data/subdir", 0755);                 // Returns -1, errno == EROFS
+
+The ``read_only`` flag works with all mount helpers:
+
+- :cpp:func:`esp_vfs_fat_spiflash_mount_rw_wl` — wear-levelled SPI flash (read-only with WL metadata preserved).
+- :cpp:func:`esp_vfs_fat_spiflash_mount_ro` — raw read-only SPI flash.
+- :cpp:func:`esp_vfs_fat_sdmmc_mount` / :cpp:func:`esp_vfs_fat_sdspi_mount` — SD cards.
+- :cpp:func:`esp_vfs_fat_bdl_mount` — Block Device Layer.
+
+.. note::
+
+    The ``read_only`` flag is enforced by the VFS layer, not the FatFs library itself. It prevents POSIX/stdio write operations from reaching the filesystem, but does not modify the on-disk filesystem state or metadata. The underlying storage driver (e.g., wear leveling) remains initialized normally.
+
+    Mounting with ``read_only = true`` is distinct from :cpp:func:`esp_vfs_fat_spiflash_mount_ro`, which skips wear leveling entirely and accesses the raw flash partition directly. Use ``read_only = true`` with :cpp:func:`esp_vfs_fat_spiflash_mount_rw_wl` when you need the wear-leveling layer active (e.g., to ensure correct interpretation of a WL-formatted partition) but do not want the application to modify the filesystem.
+
 .. _fatfs-configuration-options:
 
 Configuration Options
diff --git a/docs/zh_CN/api-reference/storage/fatfs.rst b/docs/zh_CN/api-reference/storage/fatfs.rst
index 72b762ebb42..dc38ad143c0 100644
--- a/docs/zh_CN/api-reference/storage/fatfs.rst
+++ b/docs/zh_CN/api-reference/storage/fatfs.rst
@@ -34,6 +34,46 @@ FatFs 组件提供了便利的封装函数，用于通过 VFS 层挂载文件系
 #. 在挂载路径下的路径上使用标准文件 API（``stdio.h`` 或 POSIX）。
 #. 关闭打开的文件，并调用相应的卸载辅助函数。
 
+.. _fatfs-read-only-mount:
+
+只读挂载
+--------
+
+通过将 ``esp_vfs_fat_mount_config_t.read_only`` 设置为 ``true``，可以将任何 FAT 文件系统以只读模式挂载。设置此标志后，VFS 层将拒绝所有写操作，例如 ``open`` （写模式）、``mkdir``、``unlink``、``rename``、``truncate`` 等，并将 ``errno`` 设置为 ``EROFS``，无论底层存储类型如何。
+
+当不需要写入访问时，此功能可用于保护文件系统完整性。例如，从带有磨损均衡功能的 SPI flash 分区读取配置或资源数据：
+
+.. code-block:: c
+
+    esp_vfs_fat_mount_config_t mount_config = {
+        .format_if_mount_failed = false,
+        .max_files = 5,
+        .read_only = true,
+    };
+    wl_handle_t wl_handle;
+    esp_err_t err = esp_vfs_fat_spiflash_mount_rw_wl("/data", "storage",
+                                                     &mount_config, &wl_handle);
+
+    // 读取操作正常
+    FILE *f = fopen("/data/config.json", "r");  // 正常
+
+    // 所有写操作在 VFS 层被拒绝
+    FILE *w = fopen("/data/new.txt", "w");      // 返回 NULL，errno == EROFS
+    mkdir("/data/subdir", 0755);                 // 返回 -1，errno == EROFS
+
+``read_only`` 标志适用于所有挂载辅助函数：
+
+- :cpp:func:`esp_vfs_fat_spiflash_mount_rw_wl` — 带有磨损均衡功能的 SPI flash（只读但保留 WL 元数据）。
+- :cpp:func:`esp_vfs_fat_spiflash_mount_ro` — 原始只读 SPI flash。
+- :cpp:func:`esp_vfs_fat_sdmmc_mount` / :cpp:func:`esp_vfs_fat_sdspi_mount` — SD 卡。
+- :cpp:func:`esp_vfs_fat_bdl_mount` — 块设备层。
+
+.. note::
+
+    ``read_only`` 标志由 VFS 层强制执行，而非 FatFs 库本身。它阻止 POSIX/stdio 写操作到达文件系统，但不会修改磁盘上的文件系统状态或元数据。底层存储驱动（如磨损均衡）仍正常初始化。
+
+    上述通过 ``read_only`` 标志实现的只读挂载方式与 :cpp:func:`esp_vfs_fat_spiflash_mount_ro` 不同，后者完全跳过磨损均衡并直接访问原始 flash 分区。当需要磨损均衡层处于活动状态（例如确保正确解释 WL 格式的分区）但不希望应用程序修改文件系统时，请在调用 :cpp:func:`esp_vfs_fat_spiflash_mount_rw_wl` 时设置 ``read_only = true``。
+
 .. _fatfs-configuration-options:
 
 配置选项