feat(esp_common): implement composable error code registration via link-time arrays

Refactor the esp_err_to_name() system to decouple esp_common from
higher-level components. Instead of a monolithic generated table,
each component registers its error codes into a dedicated linker
section (.esp_err_msg_table) via idf_define_esp_err_codes() in its
CMakeLists.txt.

New files:
- tools/err_codes_extract.py: extract ESP_ERR_* defines from headers to CSV
- tools/err_codes_to_c.py: generate C source placing entries into linker section
- tools/err_codes_to_rst.py: generate RST documentation from error codes
- tools/cmake/err_codes.cmake: CMake module providing idf_define_esp_err_codes()
- components/esp_common/include/esp_err_codes.h: esp_err_msg_t typedef
- components/esp_common/src/esp_err_to_name_new.c: new lookup using link-time array
- tools/test_apps/build_system/err_codes_check/: CI test app

Changes:
- Remove all optional component dependencies from esp_common/CMakeLists.txt
- Add .esp_err_msg_table section to all 5 linker scripts
- Register error codes in 18 components via idf_define_esp_err_codes()
- Add new scripts to .gitlab/ci/rules.yml build_check patterns
- use new scripts to generate doc and add CI validation
- Update esp_err.rst to add description of composable code registration

components/tcp_transport/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -30,6 +30,8 @@ idf_component_register(SRCS "${srcs}"
                     PRIV_INCLUDE_DIRS "private_include"
                     REQUIRES ${req})
 
+idf_define_esp_err_codes(HEADERS include/esp_transport.h)
+
 if(${IDF_TARGET} STREQUAL "linux" AND NOT IDF_BUILD_V2)
     # Check if LWIP in the build for linux target to add esp_timer to the dependencies
     # since socks_proxy transport needs it and lwip & linux build could use it